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欢迎学习历年考点例句与语法详解内容
金色加粗词汇是考试高频词，请注意对照中文认真学习。
2017年
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230. Under the right circumstances, choosing to spend time alone can be a huge psychological.
在适当的情况下，选择独处可能是一种巨大的心理祝福。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“choosing to spend time alone”，描述了作出的选择。“can be”是谓语，“a huge psychological”是表语，表明这种选择的心理效果。“Under the right circumstances”是状语，指出了这种选择带来益处的特定条件。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “choosing”: 选择。同义词：opting, deciding, selecting。
◌ “spend time alone”: 独处。同义词：be alone, have solitude, enjoy alone time。
◌ “huge psychological”: 巨大的心理。同义词：significant psychological, substantial mental, major emotional。
◌ “circumstances”: 情况。同义词：conditions, situations, contexts。
231. In the 1980s, the Italian journalist and author Tiziano Terzani, after many years of reporting across Asia, holed himself upin a cabin in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
20世纪80年代，意大利记者兼作家Tiziano Terzani在亚洲各地报道多年后，躲在日本茨城县的一间小屋里。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“The Italian journalist and author Tiziano Terzani, after many years of reporting across Asia, holed himself up in a cabin in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan”，其中“The Italian journalist and author Tiziano Terzani”是主语，指明了句子的主要人物，“holed himself up in a cabin in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan”是谓语，描述了他的行为。“after many years of reporting across Asia”是时间状语从句，说明了他隐居前的背景。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “journalist”: 记者。同义词：reporter, correspondent, news writer。
◌ “author”: 作家。同义词：writer, novelist, scribe。
◌ “reporting”: 报道。同义词：covering, broadcasting, narrating。
◌ “holed himself up”: 隐居。同义词：secluded himself, retreated, isolated himself。
◌ “cabin”: 小屋。同义词：hut, cottage, shack。
232. Terzani passed the time with books, observing nature, listening to the winds in the trees, watching butterflies, enjoying silence.
Terzani用看书打发时间，观察大自然，听树上的风，看蝴蝶，享受宁静。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合列举句。主语是“Terzani”，谓语是“passed the time”，描述了他如何度过时间。“with books, observing nature, listening to the winds in the trees, watching butterflies, enjoying silence”是列举的方式，详细描述了他度过时间的活动。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “books”: 书籍。同义词：literature, readings, publications。
◌ “observing nature”: 观察自然。同义词：watching nature, looking at the natural world, studying the environment。
◌ “listening to the winds in the trees”: 聆听树木中的风声。同义词：hearing the wind through the trees, listening to the breeze in the foliage。
◌ “watching butterflies”: 观赏蝴蝶。同义词：observing butterflies, looking at butterflies, viewing butterflies。
◌ “enjoying silence”: 享受寂静。同义词：appreciating quiet, relishing the stillness, savoring the quietude。
233. Terzani’s embrace of isolation was relatively unusual: humans have long considered solitude an inconvenience, something to avoid, a punishment, a realm of loners.
Terzani对孤独的拥抱相对而言是不寻常的：长期以来，人类一直认为孤独是一种不方便，一种需要避免的事情，一种惩罚，一种孤独的境界。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“Terzani’s embrace of isolation was relatively unusual”，其中“Terzani’s embrace of isolation”是主语，描述了特尔扎尼对孤独的态度，“was relatively unusual”是谓语，表明这种态度的罕见性。“humans have long considered solitude an inconvenience, something to avoid, a punishment, a realm of loners”是一个并列结构的宾语从句，列举了人类对孤独的传统看法。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “embrace”: 拥抱。同义词：acceptance, adoption, welcoming。
◌ “isolation”: 孤独。同义词：solitude, seclusion, loneliness。
◌ “inconvenience”: 不便。同义词：hassle, trouble, annoyance。
◌ “avoid”: 避免。同义词：eschew, shun, steer clear of。
◌ “punishment”: 惩罚。同义词：penalty, discipline, sanction。
234. But increasingly scientists are approaching solitude as something that, when pursued bychoice, can prove a therapy.
但越来越多的科学家将孤独视为一种治疗方法，当他们选择追求孤独时。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“But increasingly scientists”，表示讨论的主体是逐渐增多的科学家们。“are approaching solitude as something that, when pursued by choice, can prove a therapy”是谓语和宾语，描述了科学家们对孤独的新看法，即孤独如果是个人选择，可以被证明是一种治疗方法。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “increasingly”: 越来越多地。同义词：more and more, progressively, gradually。
◌ “scientists”: 科学家。同义词：researchers, experts, scholars。
◌ “approaching”: 看待。同义词：viewing, considering, treating。
◌ “solitude”: 孤独。同义词：aloneness, seclusion, isolation。
◌ “pursued by choice”: 出于选择。同义词：chosen voluntarily, opted for deliberately, selected by preference。
◌ “therapy”: 治疗。同义词：treatment, healing, remedy。
235. This is especially true in times of personal disorder, when the instinct is often for people to reach outside of themselves for support.
在个人混乱的时候尤其如此，人们的本能往往是寻求外界的支持。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“This”，指代前文提到的关于孤独的看法。“is especially true in times of personal disorder”是谓语，表明这种看法在特定情况下尤其正确，“in times of personal disorder”是时间状语，指出这种情况发生的时期。“when the instinct is often for people to reach outside of themselves for support”是时间状语从句，描述了在这些时期人们的常见本能行为。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “especially”: 尤其。同义词：particularly, notably, specifically。
◌ “times of personal disorder”: 个人混乱的时期。同义词：periods of personal turmoil, moments of individual chaos, instances of personal disruption。
◌ “instinct”: 本能。同义词：natural tendency, innate inclination, inherent impulse。
◌ “reach outside of themselves”: 寻求外部支持。同义词：seek external help, look beyond themselves, turn outward for assistance。
236. In other words, when people remove themselves from the social context of their lives, they are better able to see how they’re shaped by that context.
换言之，当人们将自己从生活的社会环境中移除时，他们能够更好地看到自己是如何被这种环境塑造的。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“people”，指代人们。“remove themselves from the social context of their lives”是谓语和宾语，描述了人们从社交环境中抽离的行为。“they are better able to see how they’re shaped by that context”是结果状语，表明了抽离后能够带来的认识或洞察。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “remove themselves”: 抽离自己。同义词：distance themselves, withdraw themselves, detach themselves。
◌ “social context”: 社交环境。同义词：social setting, social milieu, communal background。
◌ “better able to see”: 更能看清楚。同义词：more capable of perceiving, better positioned to understand, more effectively able to discern。
◌ “shaped by”: 被塑造。同义词：influenced by, formed by, molded by。
237. We cannot see things in perspective until we cease to hug them to our breast,” he writes in Thoughts in Solitude.
他在《孤独中的思想》一书中写道：“除非我们停止将事物拥抱在怀里，否则我们无法正确看待事物。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个引用句。主语是省略的，因为这是一个引用。“We cannot see things in perspective until we cease to hug them to our breast”是整个句子的核心内容，表达了一个条件和结果的关系。其中，“We cannot see things in perspective”是主要观点，指我们无法从广阔视角看待事物，“until we cease to hug them to our breast”是条件，说明实现这种视角转变的前提。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “see things in perspective”: 从广阔视角看待事物。同义词：view things objectively, regard things from a broader viewpoint, perceive things in context。
◌ “cease”: 停止。同义词：stop, halt, discontinue。
◌ “hug them to our breast”: 紧抱事物。同义词：hold them close, embrace them tightly, cling to them。
238. People can go for a walk or listen to music and feel that they are deeply in touch with themselves.
人们可以去散步或听音乐，感觉自己与内心有着深深的联系。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“People”，指代人们。“can go for a walk or listen to music”是谓语，描述了人们可以采取的活动，“and feel that they are deeply in touch with”是并列谓语结构，描述了进行这些活动后的感受或体验。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “go for a walk”: 散步。同义词：take a stroll, have a walk, go walking。
◌ “listen to music”: 听音乐。同义词：hear music, enjoy melodies, tune into songs。
◌ “feel”: 感觉。同义词：sense, experience, perceive。
◌ “deeply in touch with”: 深刻联系。同义词：profoundly connected with, deeply related to, intensely in tune with。
239. Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.
科学终于开始接纳长期以来被视为二等公民的动物。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“Science”，指的是科学领域。“is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens”是谓语和宾语从句，描述了科学领域的新态度，即开始接受长期被视为二等公民的动物。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “embrace”: 接受。同义词：accept, welcome, acknowledge。
◌ “animals”: 动物。同义词：creatures, wildlife, fauna。
◌ “second-class citizens”: 二等公民。同义词：inferior members, lesser beings, marginalized groups。
240. As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separations.
正如坎特伯雷大学的Annie Potts所指出的那样，即使在分离数月后，鸡也能在一百张鸡脸中辨别出熟悉的个体。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted”，其中“As Annie Potts of Canterbury University”是主语，“has noted”是谓语，表明了她所做的观察。“chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separations”是宾语从句，描述了她观察到的鸡的行为，即鸡能够区分不同的鸡脸并在长时间分离后识别熟悉的个体。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “distinguish”: 区分。同义词：differentiate, discern, identify。
◌ “chicken faces”: 鸡脸。同义词：faces of chickens, poultry faces, avian visages。
◌ “recognize”: 识别。同义词：identify, acknowledge, realize。
◌ “familiar individuals”: 熟悉的个体。同义词：known individuals, familiar beings, recognized entities。
◌ “separations”: 分离。同义词：partings, intervals apart, times of separation。
241. Hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate (lesser)food reward for a slightly later (and better) one.
受过挑选彩色纽扣训练的母鸡有时会选择放弃立即（但较少）的食物奖励，转而选择稍微晚点（但更好）的食物。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“Hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate (lesser) food reward”，其中“Hens trained to pick colored buttons”是主语，描述了经过特定训练的母鸡，“sometimes choose to give up an immediate (lesser) food reward”是谓语和宾语，表明母鸡的选择行为。“for a slightly later (and better) one”是目的状语，指出了放弃立即奖励的原因。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “trained”: 训练。同义词：taught, conditioned, instructed。
◌ “pick”: 选择。同义词：select, choose, opt for。
◌ “colored buttons”: 彩色按钮。同义词：multi-colored buttons, brightly colored buttons, variously colored buttons。
◌ “give up”: 放弃。同义词：forsake, relinquish, abandon。
◌ “immediate”: 立即的。同义词：instant, direct, prompt。
◌ “lesser”: 较少的。同义词：smaller, minor, inferior。
◌ “slightly later”: 稍后的。同义词：a bit later, subsequently, after a short delay。
◌ “better”: 更好的。同义词：superior, improved, enhanced。
242. They had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not-inconsiderable feat of reasoning.
他们把自己的知识转化为二维的形式，这是一个不小的推理壮举。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“They”，指代句子中的主体。“had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format”是谓语，描述了知识转移的行为。“a not-inconsiderable feat of reasoning”是补充说明，强调这种行为的重要性和复杂性。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “transferred”: 转移。同义词：shifted, moved, relocated。
◌ “knowledge”: 知识。同义词：understanding, information, insight。
◌ “two-dimensional format”: 二维格式。同义词：2D format, flat representation, planar layout。
◌ “not-inconsiderable”: 不容小觑的。同义词：significant, noteworthy, considerable。
◌ “feat of reasoning”: 推理能力。同义词：act of reasoning, intellectual achievement, cognitive accomplishment。
243. The public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedures in laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.
公众不再那么容易接受猴子在实验室里接受痛苦的手术，大象被迫在马戏团表演，海豚被关在主题公园的小水箱里。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“The public no longer so easily accepts”，其中“The public”是主语，“no longer so easily accepts”是谓语，表明了公众态度的变化。“monkeys made to undergo painful procedures in laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks”是三个并列的宾语，分别描述了不同动物在不同环境中所面临的困境。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “undergo”: 经历。同义词：experience, go through, endure。
◌ “painful procedures”: 痛苦程序。同义词：uncomfortable treatments, distressing processes, painful methods。
◌ “forced to perform”: 被迫表演。同义词：compelled to entertain, made to perform, obligated to show。
◌ “kept in small tanks”: 被关在小水池中。同义词：confined in small enclosures, housed in cramped tanks, contained in limited spaces。
244. Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chicken, pigs, goats, and cows, I started to wonder: Will the new science of “food animals” bring an ethical revolution in terms ofwho we eat?
然而，随着时间的推移，当我开始进一步拓宽视野，探索鱼、鸡、猪、山羊和牛的内心活动时，我开始怀疑：“食用动物”的新科学会给我们的饮食方面带来伦理革命吗？
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chicken, pigs, goats, and cows”，其中“Over time”是时间状语，“as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chicken, pigs, goats, and cows”是原因状语从句，说明了作者开始更广泛探索动物内在生活的情况。“I started to wonder: Will the new science of “food animals” bring an ethical revolution in terms of who we eat?”是由wonder引导的间接问句，表达了作者的疑问和思考。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “broaden out”: 扩展。同义词：expand, extend, diversify。
◌ “inner lives”: 内在生活。同义词：internal experiences, emotional worlds, psychological states。
◌ “food animals”: 食用动物。同义词：animals raised for consumption, livestock, edible animals。
◌ “ethical revolution”: 伦理革命。同义词：moral transformation, ethical change, moral overhaul。
245. In other words, will the breadth of our ethic start to catch up with the breadth of our science?
换言之，我们道德的广度会开始赶上我们科学的广度吗？
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个反问句。主语是“the breadth of our ethic”，谓语是“start to catch up with”，宾语是“the breadth of our science”。这个句子用反问的形式提出了一个关于伦理与科学发展速度的问题。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “breadth”: 广度。同义词：scope, range, extent。
◌ “ethic”: 伦理观。同义词：morality, principles, values。
◌ “catch up with”: 赶上。同义词：keep pace with, reach the level of, match。
◌ “science”: 科学。同义词：scientific knowledge, technological advancements, research。
246. Can paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals lead us to make change in who we eat?
关注这些动物的思维和感受，能让我们改变我们的饮食方式吗？
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个疑问句。主语是“paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals”，谓语是“lead us to make change”，宾语是“in who we eat”。这个句子询问关注动物的思考和感受是否能影响我们选择食用哪些动物的决定。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “paying attention to”: 关注。同义词：focusing on, considering, taking note of。
◌ “thinking and feeling”: 思考和感受。同义词：cognitive and emotional processes, thoughts and emotions, mental and affective states。
◌ “lead”: 引导。同义词：guide, influence, prompt。
◌ “make change”: 作出改变。同义词：alter, modify, adjust。
◌ “who we eat”: 我们食用的动物。同义词：the animals we consume, the creatures we eat, our dietary choices of animals。
247. In it , he argued that the most powerful intellectual and technological breakthroughs usuallyemerged from research that initially appeared “useless”, without much relevance to real life.
他在文章认为，最有力的智力和技术突破通常来自最初看起来“无用”的研究，与现实生活没有太大关联。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“he argued that the most powerful intellectual and technological breakthroughs usually emerged from research”，其中“he”是主语，“argued”是谓语，表达了作者的主张，“that the most powerful intellectual and technological breakthroughs usually emerged from research”是宾语从句，描述了这种突破的来源。“that initially appeared ‘useless’, without much relevance to real life”是定语从句，修饰“research”，说明了这些研究最初的特征和现实生活的关联程度。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “most powerful”: 最强大的。同义词：most influential, most significant, most impactful。
◌ “intellectual and technological breakthroughs”: 智力和技术突破。同义词：cognitive and technological advances, intellectual and scientific breakthroughs。
◌ “emerged from”: 来源于。同义词：originated from, stemmed from, arose from。
◌ “useless”: 无用的。同义词：pointless, futile, ineffective。
◌ “relevance to real life”: 与现实生活的关联。同义词：connection to practical life, applicability to everyday life, pertinence to actual life。
248. As a result, it was vital, Flexner said, that these “useless” efforts should be supported, even if they did not produce an immediate payback, because otherwise the next wave of innovation simply would not occur.
因此，Flexner说，至关重要的是，这些“无用”的努力应该得到支持，即使它们不会立即产生回报，因为否则下一波创新浪潮根本不会发生。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“It was vital, Flexner said, that these ‘useless’ efforts should be supported”，其中“It was vital”是主语，表达了重要性，“Flexner said”是插入语，指出了这个观点的提出者，“that these ‘useless’ efforts should be supported”是宾语从句，描述了哪些努力应得到支持。“even if they did not produce an immediate payback”是条件状语从句，说明了支持的条件，“because otherwise the next wave of innovation simply would not occur”是原因状语从句，解释了为什么这些努力应得到支持。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “vital”: 至关重要的。同义词：crucial, essential, imperative。
◌ “useless”: 无用的。同义词：pointless, futile, unproductive。
◌ “supported”: 被支持。同义词：backed, funded, encouraged。
◌ “immediate payback”: 立即回报。同义词：instant return, immediate profit, quick results。
◌ “innovation”: 创新。同义词：novelty, breakthrough, new development。
249. Curiosity, which may or may not produce something useful, is probably the outstanding characteristic of modern thinking.
好奇心可能会产生有用的东西，也可能不会产生有用的事情，这可能是现代思维的突出特征。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“Curiosity”，描述了好奇心这一概念。“which may or may not produce something useful”是定语从句，修饰“Curiosity”，指出好奇心可能产生的结果。“is probably the outstanding characteristic of modern thinking”是谓语，表明了好奇心在现代思维中的重要地位。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “Curiosity”: 好奇心。同义词：inquisitiveness, interest, eagerness to know。
◌ “produce something useful”: 产生有用的东西。同义词：generate beneficial results, yield practical outcomes, lead to useful developments。
◌ “outstanding”: 最突出的。同义词：prominent, notable, significant。
◌ “modern thinking”: 现代思维。同义词：contemporary thought, current intellectual trend, modern-day reasoning。
250. And while some of these, such as Einstein’s own work developing his early theory of relativity, did not initially seem valuable, many eventually produced powerful applications (though after many decades).
虽然其中一些，比如爱因斯坦自己开发早期相对论的工作，最初看起来并不有价值，许多最终造就了强大的应用（尽管几十年后）。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“And while some of these, such as Einstein’s own work developing his early theory of relativity, did not initially seem valuable”，其中“some of these”是主语，指代一些研究，“such as Einstein’s own work developing his early theory of relativity”是插入语，提供了一个具体例子，“did not initially seem valuable”是谓语，表明这些研究最初的看似无价值。“many eventually produced powerful applications (though after many decades)”是并列的从句，表明这些研究最终产生的重要影响。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “developing”: 发展。同义词：formulating, creating, constructing。
◌ “initially”: 最初。同义词：at first, initially, in the beginning。
◌ “valuable”: 有价值的。同义词：worthwhile, beneficial, significant。
◌ “applications”: 应用。同义词：uses, implementations, practical uses。
251. Concepts such as quantum mechanics or superconductivity also seemed fairly useless at first—but yielded huge dividends at a later date.
量子力学或者超导理论起初看起来也相当无用，但后来产生了巨大的收益。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“Concepts such as quantum mechanics or superconductivity”，描述了一些特定的科学概念。“also seemed fairly useless at first”是谓语，表明这些概念最初的看似无用性。“but yielded huge dividends at a later date”是转折状语，说明了这些概念随着时间的推移所带来的重大影响。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “seemed”: 看似。同义词：appeared, looked, seemed to be。
◌ “useless”: 无用的。同义词：pointless, futile, ineffective。
◌ “yielded”: 产生。同义词：produced, resulted in, led to。
◌ “huge dividends”: 巨大的回报。同义词：significant returns, major benefits, substantial rewards。
252. The reason why the IAS is re-releasing Flexner’s article now is that scientists such as Dijkgraaf fear this coreprinciple is increasing under threat.
IAS现在重新发布Flexner文章的原因是，Dijkgraaf等科学家担心这一核心理论正在受到威胁。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“The reason why the IAS is re-releasing Flexner’s article now”，其中“The reason why”是主语，引出原因，“the IAS is re-releasing Flexner’s article now”是谓语和宾语，描述了正在发生的行动。“is that scientists such as Dijkgraaf fear this core principle is increasing under threat”是表语从句，解释了IAS重新发布文章的原因。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “re-releasing”: 重新发布。同义词：republishing, reissuing, re-distributing。
◌ “article”: 文章。同义词：paper, publication, piece。
◌ “scientists”: 科学家。同义词：researchers, scholars, experts。
◌ “core principle”: 核心原则。同义词：fundamental concept, key tenet, central idea。
◌ “under threat”: 受到威胁。同义词：endangered, at risk, in jeopardy。
253. The Trump administration has released a projected budget that threatens to reduce funding for the arts, science and educational groups.
特朗普政府公布了一项规划预算，该预算扬言可能会减少对艺术、科学和教育团体的资助。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“The Trump administration”，指代特朗普政府。“has released a projected budget that threatens to reduce funding for the arts, science and educational groups”是谓语和宾语从句，描述了政府发布的预算案及其可能产生的影响，即削减对艺术、科学和教育团体的资金。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “projected budget”: 预算案。同义词：proposed budget, planned budget, estimated budget。
◌ “threatens to reduce”: 威胁要削减。同义词：risks cutting, may decrease, could reduce。
◌ “funding”: 资金。同义词：financing, monetary support, funding allocation。
◌ “arts”: 艺术。同义词：culture, fine arts, creative arts。
◌ “science”: 科学。同义词：scientific research, science fields, scientific study。
◌ “educational groups”: 教育团体。同义词：educational organizations, educational institutions, education sectors。
254. But one striking fact about the past century is how much American innovation originated in federal projects; Silicon Valley would never have boomed were it not for the fact that state funding enabled the development of the World Wide Web, for example.
但在过去的一个世纪里，一个引人注目的事实是，美国的创新在多大程度上起源于联邦项目；例如，如果不是因为国家资金推动了万维网的发展，硅谷就永远不会繁荣起来。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“But one striking fact about the past century is how much American innovation originated in federal projects”，其中“But”是转折词，“one striking fact about the past century”是主语，指出了一个重要事实，“is how much American innovation originated in federal projects”是谓语和宾语从句，描述了美国创新的来源。“Silicon Valley would never have boomed were it not for the fact that state funding enabled the development of the World Wide Web, for example”是条件状语从句，提供了一个具体的例子来支持主句的观点。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “innovation”: 创新。同义词：invention, creativity, new developments。
◌ “originated”: 起源于。同义词：stemmed from, came from, derived from。
◌ “federal projects”: 联邦项目。同义词：government initiatives, national programs, state-funded projects。
◌ “state funding”: 国家资金。同义词：government funding, public financing, federal support。
255. In this movie, the spaceshipwas a small capsule, shaped like a bullet, that was loaded into a giant cannon and aimed at the moon.
在这部电影中，宇宙飞船是一个形状像子弹的小太空舱，装进一门巨大的大炮，瞄准月球。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“the spaceship”，描述了电影中的太空船。“was a small capsule, shaped like a bullet, that was loaded into a giant cannon and aimed at the moon”是谓语和宾语，详细描述了太空船的特点和用途，其中“shaped like a bullet”是形容词短语作后置定语，形容太空船的形状，“that was loaded into a giant cannon and aimed at the moon”是定语从句，进一步说明太空船的功能和目的。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “capsule”: 太空舱。同义词：pod, module, vessel。
◌ “shaped like a bullet”: 形状像子弹。同义词：bullet-shaped, cylindrical, aerodynamic。
◌ “loaded”: 装载。同义词：inserted, placed, loaded into。
◌ “giant cannon”: 巨大的大炮。同义词：massive cannon, enormous gun, large artillery。
◌ “aimed at the moon”: 瞄准月球。同义词：targeted at the moon, directed towards the moon, pointed at the moon。
256. He spent his life considering this problem and came up with many solutions.
他花费一生时间都在考虑这个问题，并想出了许多解决办法。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“He”，指代句中的人物。“spent his life considering this problem”是谓语，描述了他一生致力于思考的问题。“and came up with many solutions”是并列谓语，表明了他提出的许多解决方案。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “spent”: 花费（时间）。同义词：dedicated, used, allocated。
◌ “considering”: 思考。同义词：pondering, contemplating, deliberating。
◌ “problem”: 问题。同义词：issue, challenge, dilemma。
◌ “came up with”: 提出。同义词：developed, generated, proposed。
◌ “solutions”: 解决方案。同义词：answers, resolutions, remedies。
257. They also thought about airplanes they and other people had made, and even big bombs that could fly themselves very long distances.
他们还想到了自己和其他人制造的飞机，甚至可以飞很远距离的大型导弹。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“They also thought about airplanes they and other people had made”，其中“They”是主语，指代句中的科学家或工程师，“also thought about”是谓语，表明他们的思考活动，“airplanes they and other people had made”是宾语，描述了他们思考的对象。“and even big bombs that could fly themselves very long distances”是并列的宾语从句，补充说明他们还思考的其他对象，即能够自行飞行很长距离的大型炸弹。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “airplanes”: 飞机。同义词：aircraft, planes, jets。
◌ “made”: 制造。同义词：constructed, built, created。
◌ “big bombs”: 大型炸弹。同义词：large explosives, massive bombs, hefty ordinances。
◌ “fly themselves”: 自行飞行。同义词：navigate autonomously, operate independently, self-propel。
◌ “very long distances”: 很长距离。同义词：extensive ranges, great lengths, far distances。
258. They made full-scale rockets, which they launched without any people inside, to test for safety.
他们制造了全尺寸的火箭，在没有任何人的情况下发射，以测试安全性。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“They”，指代句中的人物或团队。“made full-scale rockets”是谓语和宾语，描述了他们制造的火箭的类型。“which they launched without any people inside, to test for safety”是定语从句，修饰“full-scale rockets”，说明了火箭发射的目的和条件，即无人驾驶且为了测试安全性。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “full-scale”: 全尺寸的。同义词：full-size, life-size, actual-size。
◌ “rockets”: 火箭。同义词：missiles, spacecraft, launch vehicles。
◌ “launched”: 发射。同义词：fired, propelled, sent off。
◌ “without any people inside”: 没有人在内。同义词：unmanned, without a crew, with no one aboard。
◌ “test for safety”: 测试安全性。同义词：check for security, examine for safety, assess for safety measures。
259. Often the rockets weren’t safe, and they exploded right there on the launch pad, or shot offin crazy directions like a balloon that you blow up and release without tying it first.
通常，火箭并不安全，它们在发射台上就会爆炸，或者朝着疯狂的方向飞去，就像您吹气并在没有先系好的情况下释放的气球。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“Often the rockets weren’t safe”，其中“the rockets”是主语，“weren’t safe”是谓语，表明火箭的不安全性。“and they exploded right there on the launch pad, or shot off in crazy directions like a balloon that you blow up and release without tying it first”是并列的谓语，描述了火箭不安全时可能发生的两种情况：在发射台上爆炸或朝疯狂的方向飞去。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “weren’t safe”: 不安全。同义词：were hazardous, were dangerous, posed risks。
◌ “exploded”: 爆炸。同义词：detonated, burst, blew up。
◌ “launch pad”: 发射台。同义词：launch platform, launch site, launching area。
260. Even after they began sending people into space, scientists were still trying to improve the shape of the rockets.
即使在开始将人送入太空后，科学家仍然在努力改进火箭的形状。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“scientists”，指的是科学家们。“Even after they began sending people into space”是时间状语，指出了科学家们改进火箭形状的时间背景。“were still trying to improve the shape of the rockets”是谓语，描述了科学家们的持续努力。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “sending people into space”: 将人类送入太空。同义词：launching humans into space, transporting people to space, sending astronauts into orbit。
◌ “improve”: 改进。同义词：enhance, better, refine。
◌ “shape”: 形状。同义词：design, configuration, contour。
◌ “rockets”: 火箭。同义词：spacecraft, missiles, launch vehicles。
261. Now, the government lets private companies try their own designs for spaceships, and they have come up with many different, crazy-looking machines.
现在，政府允许私营公司尝试他们自己设计的宇宙飞船，它们设计出了许多不同、看起来疯狂的飞行器。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“the government”，指代政府。“lets private companies try their own designs for spaceships”是谓语，描述了政府允许私人公司进行的行动。“and they have come up with many different, crazy-looking machines”是并列谓语，描述了私人公司所做的努力和创新。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “private companies”: 私人公司。同义词：commercial firms, private enterprises, business corporations。
◌ “try their own designs for spaceships”: 尝试他们自己的太空船设计。同义词：experiment with their own spacecraft designs, test their unique spaceship models, develop their individual space vehicles。
◌ “crazy-looking”: 看起来疯狂的。同义词：wild-looking, unconventional, bizarre in appearance。
◌ “machines”: 机器。同义词：devices, apparatuses, equipment。
262. I was told by a restaurant owner on a Thai island that local fishermen used to wrap their lunch in banana leaves, which they would then casually toss overboard when done.
有人告诉我，泰国一个岛上的一位餐馆老板说，当地渔民过去习惯于用香蕉叶包装午餐，当吃完后随意地扔进海里。
A. 考点句型拆解：◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“I was told by a restaurant owner on a Thai island”，其中“I”是主语，“was told”是被动语态的谓语，表示被告知的动作，“by a restaurant owner on a Thai island”是状语，说明了消息来源。“that local fishermen used to wrap their lunch in banana leaves, which they would then casually toss overboard when done”是宾语从句，描述了餐厅老板所述的当地渔民的习惯。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “restaurant owner”: 餐厅老板。同义词：eatery proprietor, dining establishment owner, food business operator。
◌ “fishermen”: 渔民。同义词：fishers, anglers, seamen。
◌ “wrap”: 包裹。同义词：envelop, encase, cover。
263. But in the past decade, he said, plastic wrap had rapidly replaced banana leaves, so the beach was edged with a crust of plastic.
但他说，在过去的十年里，塑料包装迅速地取代了香蕉叶，因此海滩边缘覆盖着一层塑料。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“But in the past decade, he said, plastic wrap had rapidly replaced banana leaves”，其中“But”是转折词，指出了情况的变化，“in the past decade”是时间状语，指出变化发生的时间，“he said”是插入语，说明了信息来源，“plastic wrap had rapidly replaced banana leaves”是谓语和宾语，描述了发生的变化。“so the beach was edged with a crust of plastic”是结果状语从句，描述了这种变化的后果。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “plastic wrap”: 塑料包装。同义词：plastic covering, synthetic wrapping, polyethylene packaging。
◌ “rapidly replaced”: 迅速取代。同义词：quickly substituted, swiftly supplanted, promptly exchanged。
◌ “the beach was edged with”: 海滩边缘堆积了。同义词：the shore was lined with, the coast was bordered by, the seaside was fringed with。
◌ “crust of plastic”: 一层塑料。同义词：layer of plastic, coating of plastic, film of plastic。
264. Now we live in an absurd age where a packet of cookies can have seven layers of wrapping.
现在我们生活在一个荒谬的时代，一包饼干可能有七层包装。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“We”，指代我们或社会。“live in an absurd age where a packet of cookies can have seven layers of wrapping”是谓语和宾语，描述了我们生活的时代的特征，即饼干包装过度包装的情况。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “absurd”: 荒谬的。同义词：ridiculous, nonsensical, ludicrous。
◌ “packet of cookies”: 饼干包装。同义词：pack of cookies, package of biscuits, container of cookies。
◌ “seven layers”: 七层。同义词：seven tiers, seven levels, seven strata。
◌ “wrapping”: 包装。同义词：packaging, cover, enclosure。
265. It’s easy to say despair at the scale of handing the plastic wrap, but it isn’t beyond humanity to solve — look at how the world took action on CFCs.
对于处理塑料包装的规模感到绝望是很容易理解的，但解决这个问题并不是超出人类能力范围的——看看世界是如何对氟氯碳化物采取行动的。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“It’s easy to despair at the scale of handling the plastic wrap”，其中“It’s easy to despair”是主语和谓语，表明感到绝望很容易，“at the scale of handling the plastic wrap”是状语，说明了绝望的原因。“but it isn’t beyond humanity to solve”是转折状语从句，提出了问题解决的可能性。“look at how the world took action on CFCs”是命令句，用作例证，说明了人类在解决环境问题上的能力。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “despair”: 绝望。同义词：lose hope, feel despondent, become discouraged。
◌ “scale”: 规模。同义词：extent, magnitude, scope。
◌ “handling”: 处理。同义词：managing, dealing with, tackling。
◌ “plastic wrap”: 塑料包装。同义词：plastic covering, synthetic wrapping, polyethylene packaging。
◌ “took action”: 采取行动。同义词：acted, intervened, responded。
266. While as an individual I can do my best to avoid excessive packaging, it is really only government regulation that can force corporation to change their practices.
作为个人，我可以尽量避免过度包装，但真正能迫使公司改变他们的做法的往往是政府的监管。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“While as an individual I can do my best to avoid excessive packaging”，其中“While”是虽然的意思，引出了一个对比的情况，“as an individual”是状语，说明了行动的主体，“I can do my best to avoid excessive packaging”是谓语和宾语，描述了个人的行动和目的。“it is really only government regulation that can force corporations to change their practices”是主句，强调了解决问题的关键在于政府规定。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “avoid”: 避免。同义词：eschew, steer clear of, shun。
◌ “excessive packaging”: 过度包装。同义词：unnecessary wrapping, surplus packaging, excessive wrapping。
◌ “government regulation”: 政府规定。同义词：governmental rules, state policies, official regulations。
◌ “force”: 迫使。同义词：compel, coerce, obligate。
◌ “corporations”: 企业。同义词：companies, firms, businesses。
◌ “change their practices”: 改变做法。同义词：alter their methods, modify their procedures, adjust their approaches。
267. Our household budgets are filled with both big and small expenses that we imagine can be cut out to save us loads of cash or, at the very least, spent better elsewhere.
我们的家庭预算中充满了许多大大小小的开支，我们认为可以削减以节省大量现金，或者至少在其他地方更明智地花费。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“Our household budgets are filled with both big and small expenses”，其中“Our household budgets”是主语，“are filled with”是谓语，“both big and small expenses”是宾语，描述了家庭预算中的各种开支。“that we imagine can be cut out to save us loads of cash or, at the very least, spent better elsewhere”是定语从句，修饰“expenses”，说明了我们对这些开支的想法和可能的行动。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “household budgets”: 家庭预算。同义词：family finances, domestic budgets, home spending plans。
◌ “big and small expenses”: 大小开支。同义词：large and minor costs, significant and trivial expenditures, major and minor expenses。
◌ “cut out”: 削减。同义词：reduce, eliminate, trim。
◌ “save”: 节省。同义词：conserve, preserve, economize。
◌ “loads of cash”: 大量现金。同义词：substantial amounts of money, a lot of funds, considerable sums of money。
268. Take a step back to your high school economics class and try to remember the lesson about opportunity costs.
退一步回到您的高中经济学课程，试着记起关于机会成本的课程。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个命令句。主语省略（通常是“you”），谓语是“Take a step back to your high school economics class and try to remember”，指示读者回忆高中经济学课程。“the lesson about opportunity costs”是宾语，指明了要回想的具体内容。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “Take a step back”: 回想。同义词：reflect, look back, revisit。
◌ “opportunity costs”: 机会成本。经济学术语，无需同义替换。
◌ “try to remember”: 尝试回忆。同义词：attempt to recall, strive to recollect, make an effort to remember。
269. These, as you might recall if you were awake for that class, are the things you give up when you choose one option over other options.
如果您在上课时醒着，您可能会回忆起，当您选择一个选项而不是其他选项时，这些都是您要放弃的东西。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个复合句。主句是“These are the things you give up when you choose one option over other options”，其中“These”是主语，指代机会成本，“are the things you give up”是谓语，描述了机会成本的本质，“when you choose one option over other options”是时间状语从句，说明了机会成本发生的情况。“as you might recall if you were awake for that class”是插入语，提供了额外的信息，假设听者在上课时是清醒的，并可能记得这个概念。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “recall”: 回忆。同义词：remember, recollect, reminisce。
◌ “awake”: 清醒的。同义词：alert, attentive, conscious。
◌ “give up”: 放弃。同义词：sacrifice, forfeit, relinquish。
◌ “choose”: 选择。同义词：select, pick, opt for。
◌ “option”: 选项。同义词：choice, alternative, possibility。
◌ “other options”: 其他选项。同义词：different choices, alternative possibilities, various alternatives。
270. Although they are not measured in dollars and cents, they still have to be considered whenever you make a financial decision.
尽管它们不是以美元和美分来衡量的，但无论何时您做出财务决定，都必须考虑它们。
A. 考点句型拆解： ◌ 这是一个简单句。主语是“They”，指代机会成本。“are not measured in dollars and cents”是谓语，表明机会成本的衡量方式。“but they still have to be considered whenever you make a financial decision”是转折状语，强调在做财务决策时需要考虑机会成本。
B. 同义表达替换：
◌ “measured”: 衡量。同义词：calculated, evaluated, assessed。
◌ “dollars and cents”: 美元和分。同义词：monetary terms, financial units, currency values。
◌ “considered”: 考虑。同义词：taken into account, contemplated, regarded。
◌ “financial decision”: 财务决策。同义词：monetary choice, fiscal decision, economic choice。